Optimal load shedding for microgrids with limited DGS (Application in Perwaja Steel Sdn Bhd)

Electric generation and transmission systems may not always meet peak demands. However, when the total demand is more than the generation, overall demand must be lowered, either by turning off service to some devices or cutting back the supply voltage in order to prevent uncontrolled service disruptions such as power outages or equipment damage. Utilities may impose load shedding on service areas via rolling blackouts or by agreements with specific high use industrial consumers to turn off equipment at times of system-wide peak demand. However it is quite different when this is applied on microgrids. Since microgrid is normally isolated from the main transmission line, therefore they have their own generation which is the distributed generation (DGs). DGs resources can include fuels cells, wind, solar or other energy sources. Distributed generation allows collection of energy from many sources and may give lower environmental impacts and improved security of supply. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Therefore, differential evolution (DE) is applied in a microgrid system in order to optimize the load shedding by reducing the total curtailed load. Direct Reduction (DR) Plant in Perwaja Steel Sdn Bhd. has its own microgrid system which is used to produce direct reduction iron (iron sponge). Load shedding is one of the security measures which are applied in the plant in to maintain the stability of the system. After the load shedding process, more cost is needed to restore the curtailed load. However, cost will be reduced if the total curtailed loads which are needed to be restored are reduced. Therefore DE is applied to reduce the total curtailed load in the DR Plant microgrid system

Intelligent Quad Cane With GPS Allocation For Tachyarrhythmia

This paper aims to present the development of an Intelligent Quad Cane with Global Positioning System (GPS) Allocation for Tachyarrhythmia. Heart attack symptoms vary between individual. Usually, senior citizen or cardiovascular patient is not aware of their heartbeat rate. Lack of early warning is the most common reason of the patient die because of a heart attack. Thus, this project offers an early warning for the cardiovascular patient to the charged person. Furthermore, this project is able to analyze and indicate an abnormality in heart rate pulse for the user. Sinus tachycardia and Supraventricular tachycardia was chosen as a research subject because this disease is an early complication of the heart attack. The uses of Global System for Mobile (GSM) and GPS modules in this project can make the charged person receives the notification from the patient via Short Message Service (SMS) which contains the exact location together with patient’s condition. This condition shortens the time of ambulance to arrive

Design of Crude Palm Oil Monitoring System using Electrical Capacitance Tomography: A Conceptual Framework

In Crude Palm Oil (CPO) milling operations, the oil flow that has gone through separation process must be tested for its purity as wastes (e.g. palm oil mill effluent, water, sludge) tend to get carried along the process pipeline. At present, this procedure usually takes up to 5 days as samples of the flow needed to be verified biologically for its composition. Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) systems that are able to provide the cross-sectional images of a closed content has proven the possibility of monitoring the composition of CPO flow in online manner. ECT systems are also able to provide other crucial flow information such as its velocity and flow regime that could help in controlling the processes. In this paper, a brief literature review of existing ECT systems are presented, then a conceptual design for developing an ECT system for visualizing and measuring CPO flow are presented along with the decision process of choosing suitable technique and hardware types for the new ECT system for CPO monitoring. A preliminary simulation study of the capability of the designed system to reconstruct images of water-oil flow phantoms is also presented. The simulation results show that the designed system is capable of reconstructing phantom images with error lower than 30 %

The Vehicle Steer by Wire Control System by Implementing PID Controller

The latest technology of vehicle steer-by-wire (VSBW) system has promised significant improvement in vehicle safety, dynamics, stability, comfort and maneuverability. Due to complete separation between steering wheel and the front wheels gives the practical problems for steering control especially on directional control and wheel synchronization of vehicle. This paper presents investigations into the development of PID control scheme for directional control and wheel synchronization of a VSBW system. Two PID controllers are used to control the steering wheel angle and front wheel angle. The PID controllers use the front wheel tracking error to generate controlled steering angle. The Ziegler Nichols method is used for tuning the PID parameters. The implementation environment is developed within Matlab/Simulink software for evaluation of performance of the control scheme. Implementation results of the response of the VSBW system with the PID controller are presented in time domains. The performances of control schemes are examined in terms of input tracking capability, wheel synchronization and time response specifications with the absence of disturbances

Experimental Study on Efficiency of DC and AC Power Supply Travel Kit using Solar Panel

The paper presents an experimental study on the efficiency of an assembly-kit of a standalone AC and DC power supply that is suitable for people who appreciate outdoor activities such as travel, jungle tracking, camping and so on with one major setback which is the limited electricity power source. The kit uses photovoltaic (PV) system to generate electricity from sunlight that will charge the controller to then stored generated energy in the battery. An inverter is used to convert DC power from battery to AC power for supplying power to AC appliances. Two places which are Bukit Beruang and Marina Beach in Melaka, Malaysia were chosen for the experiment to be conducted. Data of voltage produced by the PV system at these two places are taken and recorded. Charging handphone and power up lamp is used to test the DC and AC power consumption of the travel kit. Result obtained demonstrates the effectiveness of the travel kit in supplying AC and DC power for lite usage

Intelligent Quad Cane with GPS Allocation for Tachyarrhythmia

This paper aims to present the development of an Intelligent Quad Cane with Global Positioning System (GPS) Allocation for Tachyarrhythmia. Heart attack symptoms vary between individual. Usually, senior citizen or cardiovascular patient is not aware of their heartbeat rate. Lack of early warning is the most common reason of the patient die because of a heart attack. Thus, this project offers an early warning for the cardiovascular patient to the charged person. Furthermore, this project is able to analyze and indicate an abnormality in heart rate pulse for the user. Sinus tachycardia and Supraventricular tachycardia was chosen as a research subject because this disease is an early complication of the heart attack. The uses of Global System for Mobile (GSM) and GPS modules in this project can make the charged person receives the notification from the patient via Short Message Service (SMS) which contains the exact location together with patient’s condition. This condition shortens the time of ambulance to arrive

Hardware Implementation Of Single Phase Three-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

In this paper a hardware implementation of single-phase cascaded H-bridge three level multilevel inverter (MLI) using sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is presented. There are a few interesting features of using this configuration, where less component count, less switching losses, and improved output voltage/current waveform. The output of power inverter consists of three form, that is, square wave, modified square wave and pure sine wave. The pure sine wave and modified square wave are more expensive than square wave. The focus paper is to generate a PWM signal which control the switching of MOSFET power semiconductor. The sine wave can be created by using the concept of Schmitt-Trigger oscillator and low-pass filter topology followed by half of the waveform will be eliminated by using the circuit of precision half-wave rectifier. Waveform was inverted with 180º by circuit of inverting op-amp amplifier in order to compare saw-tooth waveform. Two of PWM signal were produced by circuit of PWM and used digital inverter to invert the two PWM signal before this PWM signal will be passed to 2 MOSFET driver and a 3-level output waveform with 45 Hz was produced. As a conclusion, a 3-level output waveform is produced with output voltage and current recorded at 22.5 Vrms and 4.5 Arms. The value of measured resistance is 0.015 Ω that cause voltage drop around 0.043 V. Based on the result obtained, the power for designed inverter is around 100W and efficiency recorded at 75%

PI Controller Design for DC Motor Using Different Power Electronic Converters

In this paper, the design of a PI controller of a DC motor closed-loop torque control system is presented. The controllers are designed using small signal models and then verified using large signal simulation. A step by step design procedure is carried out to determine the response of each loop and appropriate parameters of the PI controllers are shown throughout this study assisted by Bode Plot and pole zero map techniques. In this paper also, there is comparison made when using different power electronic converters between 3-phase controlled rectifier and 4-quadrant switch mode DC-DC converter. It is highly demanded to design the PI controllers that will result in high performance in terms of high speed of response, low steady state error and high degree of stability. In this paper, simulation studies are included to show that the PI controllers designed could control the torque as desired and achieve satisfactory performance. The analysis of performance of torque and speed is compared with the desired (reference) values based on MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation

Liquid Slosh Suppression Hardware-in-the-Loop System by Implementing PID Model-Free Controller

Traditionally, the model-based controllers are hard to implement for the container system which contains liquid due to the disordered behavior of the liquid slosh. The purpose of this article is to develop a liquid slosh suppression hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system by implementing model-free PID controller. This system consists of DC motor to actuate the liquid container/tank to the prescribed location in the horizontal movement in the same time minimize the liquid slosh. The feedback signal from the encoder is used for developing the model-free PID controller. The experiment works is done by using LabVIEW and interfaced with hardware via data acquisition card. The performances evaluation of the liquid slosh suppression HIL system are based on the ability of the tank to follow the input in horizontal motion and liquid slosh level reduction. Based on the experimental results, the suggested model-free PID controller is capable to reduce the liquid slosh level in the same time produces fast input tracking of the tank